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Khutughtu Khan Kusala
Khutughtu Khan (Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, ''Hutagt haan'', (unicode:Qutuγtu qaγan)), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн Höslen), also known by the temple name Mingzong (Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), was a son of Khayishan who briefly ascended the throne of the Yuan dynasty in 1329, but died soon after he seized the throne.〔Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p.545〕 Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire.
== Early life and exile ==
He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and a Mongol-Ikhires woman. Since the Khayishan administration was founded on the unstable balance between Khayishan, his younger brother Ayurbarwada and their mother Dagi of the Khunggirad clan, Khayishan appointed Ayurbarwada as Crown Prince on the condition that he would pass the status to Kuśala after succession.
However, after Khayishan's death Ayurbarwada succeeded to the throne in 1311, Dagi, Temüder and other members of the Khunggirad faction installed Ayurbarwada's son Shidebala as the new ruler instead of Kuśala because his mother came from the Ikhires clan, not the Khunggirad clan.
To ensure Shidebala's succession, he was rewarded with the title of king of Chou and relegated to Yunnan in 1316;〔Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p.542〕 but fled to Esen Bukha-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, as a pro-Khayishan official advised, after a failed revolt in Shaanxi. When the Chagatayid Khan Esen bukha heard that Kuśala was living near his realm, he came to greet him. After that, Kusala was backed by the Chagatayid princes.〔Yuan shi, 33. pp.694〕 While in exile in Central Asia, he married Mailaiti, a daughter of Temuder of the Qarluq.〔Andreas Radbruch-Flow cytometry and cell sorting, p.1290〕
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